Source: Unsplash
Copyright: Kate Torline
URL: https://unsplash.com/photos/VeiqoYAEeis
License: Licensed by JMIR
A new study aims to fill a critical research gap on effective, culturally sensitive approaches to smoking cessation among transgender and gender expansive individuals.
By Alina Ladyzhensky, University of Pennsylvania
While rates of cigarette smoking among adults in the United States have declined significantly over the last several decades, tobacco use disparities remain among some population groups and disproportionately affect members of vulnerable communities.
One such group is transgender and gender expansive (TGE) adults, who are twice as likely to smoke cigarettes than cisgender individuals. While research suggests that, given appropriate resources and opportunities, TGE smokers are as likely to want to quit as cisgender smokers, effective cessation interventions targeted to TGE adults have remained underdeveloped.
A new research study, led by Andy Tan, PhD, MPH, MBA, MBBS, of the Annenberg School of Communication, University of Pennsylvania, aims to help fill this gap. The study identified factors that make TGE adults more or less likely to smoke, and its long-term aim was reducing tobacco use and related health disparities among TGE populations.
Tan and his colleagues utilized a community-based approach in which participants were involved in aspects of the study, including data collection, analysis, and interpretation, thereby empowering TGE individuals to work with the team to understand factors influencing their smoking habits and help inform future interventions.
The study’s unique qualitative research design combined methodologies including focus group discussions and private social media groups, as well as a newer approach: digital photovoice data collection.
With the photovoice approach, participants used their cellphones to take photos at the very moment they felt triggered to smoke, or something prevented them from doing it. According to Tan, this stands in contrast to traditional surveys where people may be asked to recollect their experiences from a week, a month, or even a year ago. Photovoice enabled the team to glean a visually rich, connective, and real-time representation of the participants’ experiences.
Participants then shared those photos in small, private Facebook groups, which Tan says many found enjoyable and affirming.
“When we designed the study, we were concerned that it would be onerous and burdensome for participants,” says Tan, “but our 47 participants who completed the study gave us positive feedback. They enjoyed being co-creators of knowledge.”
Combined with the focus group transcripts, the researchers analyzed the photos and captions to generate themes associated with smoking risk and protective factors. They identified 6 major themes: experience of stress, gender affirmation, health consciousness, social influences, routine behaviors, and environmental cues.
The themes were not always neatly divided into risk or protective factors. For example, being affirmed in their gender might give an individual the confidence to not smoke. At the same time, someone who identifies as masculine may want to pick up a cigarette as an affirmation of their masculine identity.
“Many of these risk factors may not seem too different from experiences or stressors among cisgender smokers,” says Tan, “but among TGE adults, these stressful experiences are much more frequent.”
The TGE participants also experienced gender minority stressors including internalized transphobia, gender-based violence, discrimination, and stigmas. Study participants recalled instances of being misgendered at their workplace, at school, and in public. One participant shared an experience of being physically assaulted by a stranger on the street as a result of their appearance.
“These are really traumatic experiences and important risk factors for smoking within this population that are certainly over and above the stressful experiences cisgender smokers are experiencing,” says Tan, director of the Health Communication and Equity Lab, Annenberg School.
The study’s findings will be used to help design culturally sensitive messaging to promote smoking cessation among TGE individuals through social media. The data and lessons gleaned from this work will also inform further community-engaged research, wherein study participants will serve as collaborators on new, culturally responsive approaches. The team is seeking funding for a continued, 3-year study that will develop an intervention directed at TGE individuals.
The study, “Project Spring: Examining Risk and Protective Factors for Cigarette Smoking Among Transgender and Gender Expansive Individuals Using Digital Photovoice,” will be published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research.
In addition to Tan, authors include Elaine Hanby, Annenberg School for Communication; Priscilla K Gazarianm, RN, PhD; Sabreen Darwish, PhD; Bethany C Farnham; Faith Koroma-Coker; and Suha Ballout, PhD, RN, University of Massachusetts, Boston; and Jennifer Potter, MD, Harvard Medical School, The Fenway Institute, and Beth Israel Lahey Health.
Original article:
Smoking Protective and Risk Factors Among Transgender and Gender Expansive Individuals (Project Spring): A Qualitative Study Using Digital Photovoice. JMIR Public Health Surveill.
URL: https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/10/e27417
doi: 10.2196/27417
PMID: 34612842